Maize field, Ejura

Focus communities: Nkwanta, Teacherkrom, Samari

Focus crop: Maize

Agricultural practices:

• Monocropping: maize, rice, beans
• Mixed cropping: yam with pepper and okra; yam with plantain, okra and pepper
• Buffers: sorghum and cassava planted as defenses on the outskirts (periphery) of farms to deter pests (birds and animals)        

Livestock: cattle, sheep, goats and pigs 

Administrative designation: Ejura        

Average rainfall [mm/year]: 1484                    

Humidity: N/A             

Temp (°C): 25.6

Soil types: sandy loam and clay loam (forest and savanna ochrosols group: range from sandy loam to clay)

Average farm size: smallholders: 1.62 ha (4 acres)

Focus crop: maize        

Forest use: felling of trees to establish farms     

Pests: Aphids (cowpea), maruca (cowpea), fall army worms, partridges (birds remove seeds when they are sown), rodents (mice increased exponentially over the past 2 years)                      

Main livelihood & commercial activities: Farming including crops and livestock production (sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits and ducks largely on subsistence scales)

Pineapple fields, Komenda

Focus community: Ankwanda

Focus crop: Pineapple

Agricultural practices:

• monocropping: pineapple, okra, garden eggs
• mixed cropping: tomatoes, pepper, maize and cassava
• buffer: maize

Livestock: rabbits, apiculture, pigs, goats, sheep, ducks and poultry

Administrative designation: Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem (KEEA)                 

Average rainfall [mm/year]: 1050 (1003-1092)             

Humidity: 4-96%                      

Temp (°C): 27 (23.9-32.2)                     

Soil types: sandy, sandy loam, clay, clay loam and sandy clay     

Average farm size: smallholders: 0.41 ha (1 acre)          

Focus crop: pineapple (they produce pineapples in exportable quantities that meet industry standards) 

Pests: Aphid (vegetables) and fall army worm, cotton stainers (okra), phytophthora (organic pineapple), rhinoceros beetle (coconut), angular leaf spot of citrus (oranges)

Forest use: Charcoal burning (from acacia)

Main livelihood & commercial activities: Farming including crops and livestock production (sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits and ducks largely on subsistence scales)

Drone testing in the field, Tamale

Focus communities: Kumbungu, Dalung, Libga, Gushei

Focus crop: Mango

Agricultural practices:
Agroforestry:  Mango, shea plants
Monocropping : okro, garden eggs, Pepper, rice

Mixed cropping : tomatoes, Pepper, maize, yam, cowpea

Buffer: maize 

Livestock: guinea fowls, apiculture, pigs, sheep, goats, donkey

Administrative designation: Tamale (Kumbungu)                                  

Average rainfall [mm/year]: 1090                                            

Humidity:  48.96 %      

Temp (°C): 27.9                                    

Soil types: Sandy loam with low fertility (arenosol)

Average farm size: 0.41 ha (1 acre)

Focus crop: Mango

Forest use: fuel wood, fruits and apiculture

Pests: Stem borers, aphids, whiteflies; tomato root-knot; fall army worm

Main livelihood & commercial activities: Farming, namely vegetables, arable crops and livestock production

Partners in an Olive field, Beja

Focus communities: Tborsek, Tastour

Focus crop: Olive

Agricultural practices: Rainfed olive

Livestock: sheep, goats and poultry

Administrative designation: Mjez El Beb, Teboursouk, Testour

Average rainfall [mm/year]: 626                                  

Humidity: N/A             

Temp (°C): 18

Soil types: loam, clay

Average farm size: smallholders (Mjez El Beb): 10 ha, smallholders (Teboursouk, Testour): 5 ha 

Focus crop: Olive

Forest use: N/A

Pests: Young plantations mostly attacked by jasmine moth (Palpita unionalis); the weather does not promote the olive infestation by Bactrocera and Prays; only around 30% of infestation was recorded (hot summer and cold winter compared to the other two communities); infestation of olive leaf spot (low tree spacing compared to central and coastal areas)

Main livelihood & commercial activities: 36% employed in agriculture and fishing; 12.4% in industry and mines; 14.57% in construction and public works; 31.21% in public services; 5.6% in other services.

Leaf Area Index measurements, Jammel, Tunisia

Focus communities: Sidi elheni, Kondar, Jammel

Focus crop: Olive

Agricultural practices: Irrigated olive, rainfed olive

Livestock: Sheep, goats and poultry

Administrative designation: Kondar, Sidi Henni, Jammel

Average rainfall [mm/year]: 350                      

Humidity: N/A             

Temp (°C): 20

Soil types: Sandy loam

Average farm size: smallholders (Kondar): 10 ha, smallholders (Sidi Henni): 5 ha, smallholder (Jammel): 1 ha

Focus crop: Olive          

Forest use: N/A

Pests:

• Infestations Bactrocera olaea and Prays oleae more important in the coastal area;
• Prays oleae infestation rate reaches 90% during the autumnal vegetative growth phase (Phyllophagous generation);
• Bactrocera olaea attack can be estimated to 100% in Chemlali cultivar;
• Several attacks on leaves caused by the fungus Cercospora cladosporioides                  

Main livelihood & commercial activities: Agriculture and livestock production

Cotton Field, Behira

Focus communities: Abu ElMatamir, Kafr El-Dawwar

Focus crop: Cotton

Agricultural practices: Sowing, manuring, weeding, crop rotation, tilling, mulching, row preparation, drip and surface irrigation  

Livestock: Cows, sheep, ducks, hens, buffaloes

Administrative designation: Abu El Matamir, Kafr El-Dawwar, Abou-Hummus

Average rainfall [mm/year]: 79            

Humidity: 52-62%                    

Temp (°C): 13-27          

Soil types: Clay

Average farm size: smallholders: 0.5 ha

Focus crop: Cotton       

Forest use: N/A

Pests: Aphids, leaf borers, leaf-feeding caterpillars, beetle borers, cotton leafworm                    

Main livelihood & commercial activities: Farming (conventional and organic) of vegetables; raising cattle; working in trading or governmental jobs

Dates plantation, Giza

Focus communities: Elwahat, Elsaf, El-Ayyat

Focus crop: Dates

Agricultural practices: Sowing, manuring, weeding, crop rotation, tilling, mulching, row preparation, drip and surface irrigation

Livestock: Cows, sheep, ducks, buffaloes

Administrative designation: Wahat, Saff, Ayyat

Average rainfall [mm/year]: 18

Humidity: 36-55%                    

Temp (°C): 13.4-29       

Soil types: Sandy; loamy sand, clay

Average farm size: Smallholders: 0.5 ha

Focus crop: Date palm  

Forest use: N/A

Pests: Aphids, leaf borers, leaf-feeding caterpillars, beetle borers          

Main livelihood & commercial activities: Farming (conventional and organic) of vegetables; raising cattle; working in trading or governmental jobs

Discussion with farmers, Sharqia

Focus communities: Belbis, Salheya, Abo-Hammad

Focus crop: Olive

Agricultural practices: Sowing, manuring, weeding, crop rotation, tilling, mulching, row preparation, drip irrigation system

Livestock: Cows, Sheep, buffaloes

Administrative designation: Belbis, Salheya, Abbasah

Average rainfall [mm/year]: 30            

Humidity: 42-56%                    

Temp (°C): 13.8-28.8    

Soil types: Belbis (clay; sandy), Salheya (sandy; loamy sand), Abbasah (sandy)

Average farm size: Smallholders: 0.5 ha

Focus crop: Olive          

Forest use: N/A

Pests: Leaf borers, scale insects, mealybugs, caterpillars

Main livelihood & commercial activities: Farming (conventional and organic) of vegetables; raising cattle; working in trading or governmental jobs

Focus communities: Guidan Toudou, Dabagou

Focus crop: Millet

Agricultural practices:

• rainfed cultivation: millet, sorghum, cowpeas and secondarily peanuts, okra, sorrel;
• recession cultivation in the valley: onion, tomato, potato, sweet potato, cowpea, corn, cabbage;
• association of crops: millet, sorghum, cowpea;
• market gardening: onion, lettuce, tomato, cabbage, okra;
• few producers in the basin: 10 farmers

Livestock: Small ruminants

Administrative designation: Kalfou

Average rainfall [mm/year]: 365

Humidity: N/A             

Temp (°C): 16°C to 40°C and is rarely below 13°C or above 43°C

Soil types: Ferruginous soil with little washing of sandy loam texture; red-brown soil to ferruginous in places of sandy loam texture

Average farm size: Smallholders (majority): 0.5 to 1.5 ha; large farmers (few and well-to-do): 2 to 4 ha/ 10ha or more

Focus crop: Millet

Forest use: Firewood: acacia; fruits: magaria, adoua, yadiya

Pests: Worms and parasites      

Main livelihood & commercial activities: 90% farmer community; agriculture (rainfed and irrigated); breeding, predominantly small ruminants; cattle trade; alongside general commerce, there are Income Generating Activities (IGA) which generally employ women.

Focus communities: Kontagora, Ingobirawa, Kankare Daji

Focus crop: Millet

Agricultural practices:

• Millet, sorghum, cowpea, peanuts, nutsedge, sesame, sorrel;
• association of cultures; associated crops: millet, sorghum, cowpea, peanuts, sorrel
• monoculture: nutsedge, peanuts, tiger nuts
• strip culture;
• rotation especially for nutgrass which is not grown for two consecutive years on the same soil
• harvests: young boys for tiger nuts crops, young men and women for other cultures

Livestock: N/A 

Administrative designation: Jiratawa    

Average rainfall [mm/year]: 500                      

Humidity: N/A             

Temp (°C): 16°C to 40°C and is rarely below 13°C or above 43°C 

Soil types: Ferruginous soil with little lye with a sandy loam texture

Average farm size: Smallholders: less than 0.5/ 1 ha; large farmers: more than 5/ 20 ha

Focus crop: Millet        

Forest use: Lumberjack and exploitation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs)

Pests: Millet leaf miner caterpillar; parasitic pressure (millet ear miner caterpillar) on cowpeas; peanut aphid; sorghum midge

Main livelihood & commercial activities: Breeding; small businesses; exodus; quarry work; motorcycle taxi